SPECIFICS OF THE LEGAL ASPECTS OF EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE IN 1917–1918

Abstract

Introduction. The study examines the legal aspects of education development in Ukraine during 1917–1918, a period that played a pivotal role in shaping the national education system. Amid political instability, governmental changes, and socio-economic challenges, educational reforms were driven by the need to establish a new model that would align with both national and European standards. The research focuses on the impact of legal regulations on key reform processes, including the Ukrainization of education, the democratization of access to knowledge, and the creation of a unified school system. Purpose. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of the development of Ukraine’s education system in 1917–1918, to identify the key organizational and legal foundations of educational reforms during this period, and to assess their impact on the formation of the national education system in the context of political and social changes. Scientific novelty. The study analyzes regulatory and legal acts developed during the governance of the Ukrainian Central Rada, the Hetmanate of Pavlo Skoropadskyi, and the Directorate. Particular attention is given to the Law on the Unified School, which aimed to integrate various social groups into the education system through the introduction of universal access to education. The process of Ukrainization, which was legally established in relevant acts, is also highlighted. For the first time in history, education became a powerful instrument for fostering national consciousness by introducing the Ukrainian language as the primary medium of instruction. Results. The study explores innovative approaches such as the establishment of «adult gymnasiums» and people’s universities, which provided educational opportunities for socially and geographically marginalized groups. The research emphasizes the role of women in educational reform, particularly in ensuring gender equality in access to education. At the same time, it examines the challenges faced by the education system, including financial constraints, a shortage of qualified teachers, and insufficient material and technical resources. The study employs historical-legal and systemic approaches, enabling an assessment of the influence of socio-economic and political factors on the implementation of reforms. The findings indicate that the educational policy of the period was comprehensive and strategic, incorporating democratic values, national interests, and aspirations to integrate Ukrainian society into the global educational landscape.