RETRACTION POLICY

The journal is committed to maintaining the integrity of the scholarly record and adheres to the highest standards of academic and publication ethics. Retraction of published articles is applied in cases where serious ethical or scientific issues are identified.

A published article may be retracted by the editorial board, authors, or other stakeholders if evidence is found of plagiarism, data fabrication or falsification, significant errors affecting the validity of the results, copyright infringement, duplicate publication, or other serious violations of publication ethics.

The retraction process involves a thorough investigation conducted by the editorial office, which may include consultation with independent experts or members of the editorial board. The author(s) are informed of the investigation and given an opportunity to respond and provide relevant explanations or supporting information.

Based on the outcome of the review, the editorial board makes a final decision regarding retraction or alternative corrective measures, such as issuing a correction or expression of concern. A formal retraction notice is published in the journal and clearly states the reasons for the decision.

Retracted articles are not removed from the journal’s archive. Instead, they remain accessible with a clear “Retracted” label to ensure transparency and preserve the integrity of the academic record.