Inclusion and Society

MODELS OF CONSULTATION OF FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN AND THEIR INTEGRATION INTO SOCIAL WORK: THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMANY, FRANCE AND THE USA

Lіudmуla Yuriivna KRYMCHAK — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The family is the fundamental unit of society, playing a key role in shaping the child’s personality, socialization, and ensuring emotional stability. However, in the modern world, families face numerous challenges: from economic difficulties and the stress of everyday life to social changes, divorces, migration, and, especially relevant for Ukraine, the consequences of military conflicts. These factors can significantly affect intra-family relationships, parenting styles, and, as a result, the well-being of children. In such circumstances, effective counseling becomes not just an auxiliary tool, but a vital support for families seeking to create a favorable environment for the development of their children. The presented materials analyze and substantiate the key models of counseling families with children used in Germany, France, and the USA, taking into account their national characteristics and historical experience. The specifics of the integration and application of different models of counseling by social work professionals in each of these countries are revealed.Purpose. To conduct a comparative analysis of models of counseling families with children in Germany, France, and the USA, as well as to determine their integration and role in the activities of social work professionals.Scientific novelty. It consists in identifying and justifying the key contradictions that underlie the study of the problem.Firstly, this is the contradiction between the universality of therapeutic models and the need for their cultural and systemic adaptation to differences in national social support systems, cultural values, financing and legal regulation. Secondly, this is the contradiction between the need for highly specialized therapeutic care and the desire for its wide availability through the social work system, which is a challenge for the balance between the depth and coverage of services.Conclusions. The analysis of models of counseling families with children in Germany, France and the USA demonstrates key differences in national approaches, which are due to their historical, cultural and institutional characteristics. In Germany, systemic family therapy dominates, which is closely integrated into the state system of support for children and youth. France combines psychoanalytic traditions with elements of systemic and cognitive-behavioral approaches, emphasizing the coordination of services. In contrast, the USA is characterized by a decentralized system and the priority of evidence-based practices. Despite these differences, what is common to all three countries is the central role of social work professionals. They act as a key link that ensures the integration and adaptation of universal therapeutic models to the unique needs of each family and its social environment, thereby making help accessible and effective. This emphasizes their indispensable role in the system of supporting family well-being.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURES IN CHILDREN: THE LOGOPEDIC ASPECT

Tetyana Oleksandrivna LOHVYNENKO — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The article examines the features of the formation of grammatical structures in children, taking into account the speech therapy aspect, which is a key stage of speech development. The main stages of speech ontogenesis, starting from the preparatory period to school age, as well as typical violations of the grammatical side of speech in children with speech disorders, are considered.The purpose of this study is to analyze the speech therapy features of the formation of grammatical structures in children with speech disorders, to identify characteristic difficulties and to propose effective correction strategies for the development of the grammatical system of speech. It has been determined that the assimilation of grammatical norms requires not only mechanical memorization of words and constructions, but also active social interaction and practice.The influence of the social environment, the child’s motivation and psychophysiological characteristics on the process of forming grammatical competence is analyzed. Special attention is paid to morphological and syntactic skills, in particu- lar the formation of the plural, cases, tense forms of verbs, as well as the construction of complex sentences. The article also considers typical temporal errors – agrammatisms, which accompany the process of assimilating grammatical rules and which are a natural part of language development. Separately, speech therapy correction work is highlighted, which includes the use of game techniques, differentiated exercises and multimedia technologies aimed at overcoming grammat- ical disorders and developing coherent speech.The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive approach that integrates psycholinguistic, pedagogical and speech therapy aspects of the formation of grammatical competence in children of different ages, taking into account individual characteristics. The problems of timely diagnosis and correction of speech disorders, which are important for successful social adaptation and general mental development of the child, are highlighted.Conclusions. Thus, the formation of grammatical structures in children is a complex multi-stage process that occurs in close connection with the development of cognitive, mental and speech functions. Taking into account the age- specific features of speech ontogenesis, as well as the influence of various factors, such as the social environment, the child's motivation and the state of psychophysiological mechanisms, are key to the successful formation of grammatical competence. The speech therapy approach to the correction of violations of the grammatical side of speech should take into account the individual characteristics of the child, the presence of secondary symptoms and stages of speech development. Timely diagnosis and correction of speech disorders contribute not only to the improvement of grammatical skills, but also to the general mental and social development of the child, increasing his communicative competence and successful integration into society. Thus, the study of the features of the formation of grammatical structures in children and the development of effective speech therapy methods remain relevant tasks of modern speech therapy, pedagogy, psychology, and linguistics, which are of important practical importance for the development of the speech culture of future generations.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL REFLECTION FORMATION IN FUTURE CHOREOGRAPHIC COLLECTIVE LEADERS

Oleksandr Oleksandrovych NECHIPORENKO — 2025-10-20

Introduction. Contemporary challenges in choreographic education require rethinking approaches to developing reflective competence in future leaders of creative collectives. In this context, professional requirements for these specialists are rapidly growing, particularly regarding reflective competence, self-analysis capacity, and professional self-improvement abilities. Leaders of choreographic ensembles play a crucial role in artistic development at both local and national levels. Current problems in professional reflection development include insufficient self-analysis skills, difficulties in objective self-assessment, and limited ability to critically evaluate pedagogical situations. The aim of the article is to theoretically substantiate a system of methodological approaches and principles for developing professional reflection among future choreographic leaders during their training.Scientific novelty. This study systematizes methodological foundations for professional reflection development as a multifaceted pedagogical phenomenon through a three-level structure: philosophical level (dialogical, phenomenological, hermeneutical approaches), general scientific level (systemic, synergetic, axiological approaches), and specific scientific level (personal-activity, competence-based, culturological, acmeological approaches). The research systematizes principles of professional reflection development into three groups, adapting them to choreographic education specifics while considering contemporary challenges in professional training.Conclusions. The research findings contribute to establishing a comprehensive methodological framework for developing professional reflective abilities in future choreographic ensemble leaders. Identifying key approaches and principles of professional reflection formation will facilitate the creation of effective educational programs and promote conscious professional attitudes.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF “SPACE” AND “ENVIRONMENT” IN THE INCLUSIVE CONTEXT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPEECH THERAPISTS

Nataliia Volodymyrivna SOKHA — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The implementation of inclusive education as a strategic direction of the state educational policy actualizes the need to create an adaptive educational environment capable of taking into account the individual characteristics of each student of education. At the same time, there is a growing need for specialists who possess interdisciplinary knowledge and are able to provide effective support to children with special educational needs. That is why the theoretical understanding of the key concepts that determine the structure of the inclusive educational space is a necessary condition for updating the content of professional training of speech therapists in accordance with modern challenges.The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the concepts “space”, “educational environment” and “inclusive educational environment” in the context of professional training of speech therapists, as well as to determine their content and structural characteristics in order to form modern educational models in the field of special education.The scientific novelty of the study lies in clarifying the content of key concepts of the inclusive educational space and substantiating the methodological principles of updating the professional training of speech therapists, taking into account the principles of universal design and an interdisciplinary approach.Conclusions. The article carries out a theoretical and methodological understanding of the concepts of “space”, “educational environment” and “inclusive educational environment” in the context of professional training of speech therapists, caused by deep transformations of the modern educational paradigm, which take place under the influence of humanistic values, principles of equality and accessibility.As a result of the analysis of philosophical, pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical concepts, it was established that the educational space is a multidimensional socio-cultural structure that determines the conditions of educational interaction, and the educational environment – is a system of influences that ensure the development, socialization and self-realization of the individual.Special attention is paid to changing the concept of speech therapy care – from a traditional model to an inclusive one, which involves the functioning of the speech therapist as a member of a multidisciplinary team.The key competencies of a speech therapist in an inclusive environment are highlighted, including emotional sensitivity, adaptability, mastery of alternative communication and reflexivity.The concepts of curiculum and universal design are revealed as a strategic basis for building a flexible model of education adapted to the needs of applicants with special educational needs.A comparative description of traditional and inclusive speech therapy practice is proposed, which emphasizes the need to update the content of professional training of speech therapists.

FORMATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS (1950S–1960S)

Lyubov Mykolayivna TERLETSKA — 2025-10-20

The article examines the peculiarities of foreign language teaching for future primary school teachers in the 1950s–1960s. Introduction. Foreign language training for future teachers in higher education institutions has always been characterized by a comprehensive approach and a transformative nature. The purpose of this work is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of foreign language competence of future teachers based on the study of historical and scientific-pedagogical literature of the period under review. Foreign language teaching in the 1950s and 1960s was determined in accordance with the language policy of the Soviet republics. The low level of foreign language proficiency among future specialists required the implementation of necessary measures. Among them, it is worth highlighting the increase in the production of educational films on foreign languages, the purchase of educational films on foreign languages abroad for use in Soviet higher education, the production of gramophone records and sound films, short stories and excerpts from works of fiction with accompanying printed texts, measures to organize the wider use of radio and television in educational activities, and an increase in the amount of printed foreign-language educational literature. Scientific novelty – a comprehensive study of the pedagogical conditions for teaching foreign languages to future primary school teachers in the 1950s and 1960s. Conclusions. Foreign language education during the period under study was transformed in accordance with changes in the linguistic and pedagogical training of teaching staff in Soviet Ukraine in accordance with the laws and decrees of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education of the USSR. In general, the proposed measures were not effective, since the practice of foreign language teaching differed significantly from the target component due to the peculiarities of international state policy. There was a gradual transition to professionally oriented foreign language teaching.

FOREIGN LITERATURE AS A TOOL FOR FORMING THE VALUES OF AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

Alyona Romanivna TYCHININA — 2025-10-20

Introduction. This study examines the role of foreign literature in fostering an inclusive society, particularly amidst armed conflict. The militarized discourse within literature frequently depicts war as a catastrophic event, precipitating a collective existential crisis that profoundly alters individual and societal worldviews. This upheaval often results in a shift in cultural epistemes, which subsequently manifests in artistic expressions through novel themes, imagery, and narratives. In light of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, literature has assumed a critical role in cultivating value-based sensitivity towards the Other – an indispensable condition for establishing an inclusive society. The present study aims to elucidate the inclusive potential of J.D. Salinger’s short story “A Perfect Day for Bananaf- ish” (1948) in shaping a new ethics of perceiving the Other during wartime. The analysis draws upon contemporary receptions of the text by students enrolled in the “Inclusive Literature in the Educational Process” course at Yurii Fed- kovych Chernivtsi National University.Scientific novelty. This article analyzes Salinger’s short story as a salient example of foreign literature possessing sig- nificant inclusive potential. The study demonstrates that the character of Seymour, a war veteran afflicted with PTSD, em- bodies an individual marginalized from both familial and societal spheres. The narrative’s three distinct episodes reflect varied modes of post-war consciousness concerning Seymour’s otherness: ranging from fear and segregation to passive tolerance, and culminating in instances of acceptance, empathetic communication, and the ultimate inability to adapt.The narrator eschews direct descriptions of trauma, instead conveying it indirectly through Seymour’s behavior and the mediated perceptions of other characters. This narrative strategy directs the reader’s attention to the psychological dimensions of trauma, depicting a destructive state of «inner war» that persists beyond physical conflict and ultimately leads to the individual’s disintegration.Conclusions. Literary narratives not only represent inclusive values but also create discursive spaces for the coexist- ence of otherness, offering readers situational paradigms for navigating traumatic conditions. The inclusive potential of Salinger’s story further resides in its deliberate refusal to proffer definitive judgments; the narrator merely records dis- connections and the palpable tension of misunderstanding, thereby granting the reader interpretive autonomy. Within the contemporary reader’s horizon of expectations, the text constructs an apperceptive foundation for catharsis, facilitating deeper insight into traumatic experience and fostering the cultivation of genuine inclusivity.

SMART GAME IN SPEECH THERAPY: INTEGRATION OF MODERN GAME TOOLS INTO CORRECTIVE WORK

Iryna Mykolaivna BRUSHNEVSKA — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The introduction of the SMART game is undoubtedly relevant in today’s educational realities as a combination of traditional didactic methods with digital and interactive tools that help increase the child’s motivation and involvement in the speech correction process. Scientists and practitioners have substantiated that game activities integrated into the speech therapy process perform not only an entertaining, but also a correctional, developmental and therapeutic function. Properly organized game activities contribute to the formation of speech motivation, reducing the communication barrier and increasing the effectiveness of correctional work in general.The aim of the work is to analyze the effectiveness of using modern gaming technologies in speech therapy work with preschool children with speech disorders.Scientific novelty. The article considers the types of gaming tools that are appropriate in speech therapy practice: mobile applications, interactive whiteboards, touch panels, augmented reality platforms, and original gaming materials.The criteria for selecting gaming content in accordance with the individual characteristics of the child, the level of speech development, and the type of disorder are defined. The need for methodological support and a systematic approach to the use of SMART games is emphasized: step-by-step planning, repetition, emotional support, and adaptability of tasks. The importance of the professional readiness of a speech therapist to use modern digital resources, the need to develop didac- tic banks of interactive games, and the relevance of introducing SMART games as an element of an inclusive educational environment are noted.Conclusions. One of the promising areas of the correctional and developmental process with preschoolers with speech difficulties is the use of SMART games – a combination of game methods, digital tools and pedagogically verified strategies aimed at stimulating speech activity, cognitive development and emotional involvement of the child. Game techniques become the core of interactive correctional work, which can and should be systematically implemented.

IDENTIFICATION OF OBJECTIVE SIGNS OF SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONAL SELF-REALIZATION IN DIFFERENT GROUPS OF GIFTED YOUTH

Vsevolod Volodymyrovych ZELENIN — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The work is devoted to the topical issue of identifying objective signs of successful profes- sional self-realization of gifted youth. The success of self-realization is significantly influenced by the ability to effectively achieve goals, the ability to plan and implement one’s own career.The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of identifying objective signs of successful professional self-realization in different groups of gifted youth (n = 547).Scientific novelty. The article notes that the objective signs of successful professional self-realization in young people of different specialties include unique and common components that determine the level of realization of their personal and professional resources. Thus, for socio-economic specialists, important features are the level of communication skills, the ability to interpersonal and intergroup understanding, the ability to cooperate, leadership skills, the ability to empathize and civic engagement; for economists, entrepreneurship, the ability to think strategically, plan, financial literacy, the availability of successful entrepreneurial projects, the ability to manage resources are important; for IT specialists, innovation and technical competence, analytical thinking; for creative people – originality, ability to express themselves and participation in creative competitions.Conclusions. Challenges of modern life, such as military conflicts, pandemics, and social crises, have a significant impact on the values and criteria of objective success in different groups of gifted youth. In response to changes in material well-being and social status, the focus is on resilience, dedication, responsibility, and the ability to adapt to new conditions. Identification of objective signs of successful professional self-realization in different groups of gifted youth, in particular, socio-economic, economic, technical, and creative areas, is important for the development of individual and group psychological interventions. It has been established that coaching is one of the tools for the development and support of gifted youth, which helps to form internal resources and psychological resilience in war conditions.

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES AND PRINCIPLES TO CREATING REHABILITATION PROGRAMS FOR VETERANS: DOMESTIC AND WORLD TRENDS

Iryna Viktorivna KOBETS — 2025-10-20

Introduction. The military events in Ukraine have highlighted the need to create rehabilitation programs for veterans and analyze programs implemented both in Ukraine and in the USA, Israel, Canada, and the Baltic countries.The purpose of the work is to present the data of an analytical review of the specified rehabilitation programs and the principles of reintegration of military personnel into working life. The scientific novelty of this study lies in: 1) the isola- tion of the trauma-informative, existential, and inclusive approaches on which these programs are based; 2) a systematic analysis of each of the approaches; 3) the presentation of the socio-psychological principles of reintegration of military personnel into working life: a) a personalized principle – the principle of orientation towards the veteran; b) the prin- ciple of interagency cooperation and integrity of services; c) the principle of inclusiveness and overcoming stigma; d) the principle of activation and long-term support; e) the principle of evidence and analytics. Conclusions: 1) an inclusive approach overcomes stigma and exclusion and guarantees equal rights for veterans (including female military person- nel, representatives of minorities, veterans with disabilities) and provides an extensive system of benefits, education and employment; 2) a trauma-informed approach involves providing all levels of care – from psychiatric clinics to veterans’ employment centers, taking into account the impact of combat trauma on a person’s behavior and needs; 3) an existential approach to recovery helps veterans rethink their experience and find a new purpose in life after service; 4) modern scientific and policy-analytical documents agree that the reintegration of veterans into working life should be based on the principles of individualization, complexity, inclusiveness, active participation of the veteran, etc.

PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE AS A RESOURCE FOR ADAPTATION TO EXTREME CONDITIONS

Liudmyla Mykolaivna KOMARNITSKA — 2025-10-20

Introduction. In today’s world, characterized by rapid changes, global crises, armed conflicts, natural disasters, pandemics, and social upheavals, the issue of individual adaptation to extreme conditions is becoming increasingly relevant. When faced with unstable environments, individuals experience significant psychological challenges that can lead to maladjustment, mental health disorders, and reduced life functioning. In such situations, psychological resilience plays a key role–it is the ability to maintain or restore functionality, emotional balance, and effective thinking and behavior in response to stressful or traumatic events.Purpose. The study aims to analyze psychological resilience as a resource for adaptation to extreme conditions, to identify its structural components, the factors influencing its formation, and the mechanisms of its functioning in critical life situations. Particular attention is given to the practical significance of resilience development among high-risk professionals (military personnel, rescuers, medical workers), as well as the civilian population in crisis conditions.Scientific novelty. The novelty lies in a comprehensive approach to understanding psychological resilience as an integrative resource for adaptation in extreme environments. The study presents an interdisciplinary analysis of the phenomenon of resilience, encompassing psychological, neuropsychological, sociocultural, and bioethical dimensions. A clarified definition of «psychological resilience» is proposed as a dynamic process that includes cognitive flexibility, emotional self-regulation, positive self-identity, social support, and the capacity for reflection in the context of threats.Conclusions. Psychological resilience is a system-forming resource that enables individuals to maintain functionality under the most challenging conditions. It serves not only as an indicator of mental health but also as a factor in personal growth, recovery, and transformation. The analysis demonstrates that resilience is shaped by a combination of individual traits, social connections, cultural narratives, and external conditions. It can be purposefully developed, creating opportunities for the implementation of psychological prevention and rehabilitation programs, especially for vulnerable populations and high-risk professions.

THE IMPACT OF INCLUSIVE TOURISM ON THE EMOTIONAL STATE OF TOURISTS WITH DISABILITIES

Gennady Gennadyovуch KUCHEROV — 2025-10-20

Introduction. Tourism is gradually turning into a profitable branch of commercial activity, which is actively developing due to the popularization of travel among the population of different countries. With the expansion of the circle of states that consider tourism as a priority area of economic growth following the example of successful tourist regions, competition between destinations is increasing. This encourages managers of tourist destinations to implement relationship marketing strategies aimed at establishing long-term relationships with tourists and forming their loyalty.Therefore, the appeal to the emotional component of the tourist experience as a tool for attracting tourist flows to specific territories is becoming increasingly relevant.Purpose of the article. The purpose of our study is the impact of inclusive tourism on the emotional state of tourists with disabilities.Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the study lies in: – Determining the role of the emotional sphere as a key factor in the motivation and loyalty of tourists with disabilities; – Generalization of the typology of emotional barriers that arise in tourists with disabilities at different stages of a tourist trip; – Identification of correlations between the level of inclusiveness of tourist infrastructure and changes in the emotional state of people with disabilities during travel; – Developing practical recommendations for inclusive tourism operators on creating a positive emotional climate within the destination.Conclusions. To create complete and satisfactory tourist experiences for tourists with disabilities, it is necessary to combine technical accessibility with emotional support and informative openness; to ensure empathetic training of personnel, the ability to take an individual approach; to form an inclusive social culture in destinations where the tourist feels included and equal. This will contribute not only to gaining loyalty and repeat visits, but also to supporting the sustainable development of inclusive tourism as a socially responsible industry.

FEATURES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION OF STARTER PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN WITH MOTOR APPARATUS DISORDERS

Roman Pavlovych POPELIUSHKO — 2025-10-20

Introduction. Psychological rehabilitation of senior preschool children with motor apparatus disorders is an urgent problem of modern pedagogy and psychology. Movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy, spinal curvature or other pathologies of the musculoskeletal system, significantly affect not only the physical condition of the child, but also his/her psycho-emotional development, social adaptation and quality of life in general. It is important to ensure a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation that covers both medical and psychological aspects, as psychological support helps children overcome fears, improve self-esteem and learn to interact effectively with others.One of the most significant aspects is the realization that motor system disorders significantly affect not only the child's physical condition, but also their inner, emotional world. In older preschool children, the foundations of their self-concept as an individual, their perception of the world, and their ability to interact with others are being formed.The purpose of the article is to analyse the peculiarities of psychological rehabilitation of older preschool children with motor disorders and to identify effective methods and approaches that contribute to their psychological adaptation and social integration.Scientific novelty. Motor function disorders are often accompanied by decreased self-esteem, the appearance of fears, feelings of inferiority, and difficulties in communicating with peers. In the course of writing this article, we analysed a number of key aspects related to the psychological rehabilitation of senior preschool children with motor disorders. We have identified the characteristic manifestations of low self-esteem, increased anxiety, fears associated with physical activity, and social isolation.Conclusions. The article analyses modern approaches and methods of psychological support that are successfully used in rehabilitation, in particular, play therapy, art therapy, fairy tale therapy and psychocorrectional. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between physical rehabilitation and the child's psycho-emotional state, emphasizing that improving motor skills helps to increase self-confidence and stimulates social activity. That is why psychological rehabilitation of older preschool children with motor skills disorders is a key factor in ensuring their full social adaptation and overcoming psycho-emotional difficulties. A comprehensive, individual approach, taking into account the physiological characteristics and needs of the child, can significantly increase the level of psychological comfort, stimulating a positive attitude towards themselves and the world around them. It is also important to intensify cooperation between doctors, psychologists, teachers and families, which will create favorable conditions for the harmonious development of children with motor disorders.

THE IMPACT OF AR/VR ON INCLUSION: BARRIERS AND DESIGN

Oleksandr Volodymyrovych SHEVCHUK — 2025-10-20

Introduction. In the era of rapid digital technology development, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are increasingly being implemented in education, culture, healthcare, and social services. These technologies offer new opportunities for interaction, communication, and learning; however, their inclusiveness remains a pressing issue.Despite their potential to overcome barriers, AR/VR technologies often create new ones due to poor design, high cost, or limited adaptability to the needs of people with disabilities. In this context, it becomes crucial to critically assess the impact of AR/VR on inclusion and to identify pathways for developing truly accessible digital environments.Purpose. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of AR/VR technologies on inclusion processes, to identify the main barriers that arise during their use, and to justify the principles of inclusive design capable of ensuring equal access to digital resources regardless of users’ physical or cognitive characteristics. The research also aims to explore practical applications of AR/VR in education, social engagement, and rehabilitation.Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty lies in the interdisciplinary analysis of AR/VR as tools for inclusive interaction, covering aspects of accessibility, ergonomics, cognitive load, and social impact. For the first time, recommendations for creating AR/VR products based on universal design principles have been formulated, taking into account the needs of people with various types of disabilities. An approach to inclusive digital immersion has been proposed, combining technical and psycho-pedagogical components, along with an analysis of effective implementations of such solutions in international practice.Conclusions. AR/VR technologies can become powerful tools for creating inclusive environments, but only if accessibility principles are respected and users with special needs are actively involved in content development. Successful inclusion requires a systemic approach, interface adaptation, affordable devices, and support at the level of educational and social policy. Further research should focus on assessing the emotional and cognitive effects of AR/VR experiences on different user groups and on identifying strategies to minimize potential risks.